The muscles of lower limb are divided into:
Hip
Thigh
Leg
foot
Anterior group
Iliopsoas
Psoas major: arise from the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae laterally
Iliacus: arise from the iliac fossa
insert in the lesser trochanter of the femur
Action:the most powerful flexor of the thigh. If the lower limb is fixed, it bends the vertebral column forward (e.g., when sitting up from supine position) and flexes the lumbar region laterally. It also can rotate the thigh laterally.
tensor fasciae latae
Actions: Flexes and abducts the hip joint. Helps to keep the knee extending in erect posture and steadies the trunk on the thigh.
Posterior group
Gluteus Maximus
Action: a powerful extensor of the thigh, the most powerful lateral rotator, and an important postural muscle.
Gluteus Medius and gluteus minimus
Action : Gluteus Medius Abducts and rotates the thigh. gluteus minimus Abducts and its anterior fibers can medial rotate the thigh.
Piriformis
Action : rotate and abduct the thigh laterally
The muscles of thigh
Anterior group
Sartorius
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion: the upper part of the medial surface of the tibia
Action: flexes the thigh and the leg, when the knee is flexed, it medially rotates the leg.
Quadriceps Femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Quadriceps Femoris
Origin:
Rectus femoris: anterior inferior iliac spine
Vastus medialis: medial lip of linea aspera
Vastus lateralis: lateral lip of linea aspera
Vastus intermedius: anterior surface of femur
Insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action : extend the leg. rectus femoris also flexes the thigh.
Medial group
gracilis
pectineus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
Actions: Adduct, flex and laterally rotate the thigh. The gracilis can adduct the hip joint and flex the knee.
posterior group
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Actions: They are the main extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg. When the knee joint is semi-flexed, they also can rotate the leg.
The muscles of leg
Anterior group
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
Actions: All the muscles of this group can dorsiflex the ankle joint. In addition, the tibialis anterior can invert the foot (the sole of the foot faces medially), the extensor hallucis longus extends the big toe, and the extensor digitorum longus extends the other toes.
lateral group
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
Actions: Acting together, they plantar flex and exert the ankle joint.
The posterior group
Superficial layer
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Actions: Plantar flexes the ankle joint (e.g., in walking and dancing) and steadies leg on foot during standing. The gastrocnemius also can flex the knee joint.
deep layer
popliteus
flexor digitorum longus
Actions: Plantar flexes the ankle joint as well as all joints of the lateral four toes.
tibialis posterior
Actions: Flexes the ankle joint, inverts the foot.
flexor hallucis longus
Actions: plantar flexes the ankle joint and the big toe at all joints.
Muscles of the foot
extensor digitorum brevis
The muscles of the foot can be grouped into four layers, but these are difficult to dissociate, even in dissection. The muscles function either to move the toes or to support the arches of the foot through their contraction
0 comments:
Post a Comment