Sneeze Reflex

The sneeze reflex is very much like the cough reflex, except that it applies to the nasal passageways instead of the lower respiratory passa...

Cough Reflex

The bronchi and trachea are so sensitive to light touch that very slight amounts of foreign matter or other causes of irritation initiate th...

Scratch Reflex

An especially important cord reflex in some animals is the scratch reflex, which is initiated by itch or tickle sensation. It involves two f...

Autonomic Reflexes

Many visceral functions of the body are regulated by autonomic reflexes. Throughout this text, the functions of these reflexes are discussed...

(ANS) Autonomic Effects on Various Organs of the Body

Autonomic Effects on Various Organs of the Body Organ Effect of Sympathetic Stimulation Effect of Parasympat...

Abnormalities of Secretion by the Ovaries

Amenorrhea is the lack of menstrual flow and can be a normal occurrence or a sign of malfunction or disease. In primary amenorrhea, menstrua...

Menstruation.

If the ovum is not fertilized, about 2 days before the end of the monthly cycle, the corpus luteum in the ovary suddenly involutes, and the ...

Headache

Headaches are a type of pain referred to the surface of the head from deep head structures. Some headaches result from pain stimuli arising ...

Hemiballismus.

A lesion in the subthalamus often leads to sudden flailing movements of an entire limb, a condition called hemiballismus. Hemiballismus i...

Prosophenosia

prosophenosia is inability to recognize faces. This occurs in people who have extensive damage on the medial undersides of both occipital lo...

Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium

Vestibular Apparatus The vestibular apparatus, is the sensory organ for detecting...

Female reproductive system

The female reproductive system is illustrated to the right. “ Eggs ” are produced in the ovaries , but remember from our discussion of meios...

Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is illustrated to the right. Sperm are produced in the testes located in the scrotum . Normal body temperatur...

Myocardial Infarction

Immediately after an acute coronary occlusion, blood flow ceases in the coronary vessels beyond the occlusion except for small amounts of co...

Anaphylaxis.

When a specific allergen is injected directly into the circulation, the allergen can react with basophils of the blood and mast cells in th...

Leukopenia

A clinical condition known as leukopenia occasionally occurs in which the bone marrow produces very few white blood cells, leaving the body ...

The Leukemias

Uncontrolled production of white blood cells can be caused by cancerous mutation of a myelogenous or lymphogenous cell. This causes leukemia...

Primary Sensations of Taste

The identities of the specific chemicals that excite different taste receptors are not all known. Even so, psychophysiologic and neurophysio...

Horner’s Syndrome.

(click to view in zoom) The sympathetic nerves to the eye are occasionally interrupted. Interruption frequently occurs in the cervical sympa...

Pupillary Reflexes or Reactions in Central Nervous System Disease

A few central nervous system diseases damage nerve transmission of visual signals from the retinas to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, thus som...

Glaucoma

“Glaucoma,” a Principal Cause of Blindness. Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness. It is a disease of the eye in which the ...