Joints of upper limb
Joints of should girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
Bones: sternal end of clavicle, clavicular notch of sternum, and first costal cartilage
Articular capsule:
strong and is reinforced by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments An articular disc is attached to the capsule, dividing the joint into two cavities.
Movements: elevation and depression, forward and backward, rotation and circumduction of the acromial end of the clavicle
Acromioclavicular joint
Bones: acromion and acromial end of clavicle
Movement: rotation of scapula on clavicle
Coracoacromial arch:
formed by coracoacromial ligament, coranoid process, and acromion, that prevents the shoulder joint from superior dislocation.
Joints of free upper limb
Shoulder joint
(ball and socket)
Bones:
head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Capsule:
Thin and lax, especially lower part
Attachments: proximal to glenoid labrum; distal to anatomical neck of humerus, except medially where it is slightly distal to surgical neck
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity
Accessory structures
Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity
Coracohumeral ligament :runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle
Movements: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, medial and
lateral rotation,
circumduction
Elbow joint
Bones: lower end of humerus, upper ends of radius and ulna
Humeroulnar joint :
formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear noch (hinge)
Humeroradial joint:
formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius (ball and socket)
Proximal radioulnar joint:
formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna
Capsule:
thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly, strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments
Ligaments:
Radial collacteral ligament:
attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius
Ulnar collacteral ligament:
attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch
Annular ligament of radius: attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna, surrounds the head of radius
Movements:
flexion and extension,
pronation and supination
Joints between radius and ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint: formed by head of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an articular disc
Interosseous membrane of forearm: a fibrous membrane between the shaft of radius and ulna
Joints of hand
Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
Bones
Carpal articular surface of radius and articular disc below the ulna
Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones, but not pisiform
Capsule: lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Intercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Bones: trapezium and base of first metacarpal
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and opposition
Intermetacarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Joints of Lower limb
Joints of pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Bones: auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments
Vertebropelvic ligaments
Iliolumbal ligament: runs from transverse process of L5 to the posterosuperior part of iliac crest
Sacrotuberous ligament:
runs from lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the inner margin of ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous ligament:
runs from ischial spine to lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx
These two ligaments convert the sciatic notches the greater and lesser sciatic foramina
Pubic symphysis
Articulation:
symphysial surface and interpubic disc (fibrocartilage)
Ligaments: superior pubic ligament and arcuate pubic ligament
Obturator membrane
Obturator canal
Bony pelvis
Composition:
formed by paired hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their articulations
In anatomical position, anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles on same vertical plane, while the tip of coccyx and superior border of pubic symphysis on same horizontal plane.
Terminal line:
formed by promontory of sacrum, arcuate line, pectin of pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of pubic symphysis
Two portions: a greater pelvis and a lesser pelvis
Lesser pelvis
pelvic inlet (terminal line):
Pelvic outlet :
formed by tip of coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubic, symphysis
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch, subpubic angle
Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Joints of free lower limb
Hip joint
Bones: acetabulum and femoral head
Articular capsule attachments
Above: margins of acetabulum and transverse acetebular ligament
Below: in front to intertrochanteric line; behind, to the neck of femur above 1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest
Accessory structures
Acetabulum labrum; transverse acetebular ligament
Ligaments
Iliofemoral lig.
Ligament of head of femur
Pubofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis
Movement:
flexion, extention, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
Knee joint
Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella
Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa,
deep infrapatellar bursa, ala folds
Accessory structures
ligaments
Patellar lig.
Fibular collateral lig.
Tibial collateral lig.
Oblique popliteal ligament
Anterior cruciate ligment
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus (C-shaped)
lateral meniscus (O-shaped)
Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint may be passively rotated through 700
Tibiofibular syndesmosis
Tibiofibular joint
Crural interosseous membrane
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Joint of foot
Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
Bones: lower ends of tibia and fibula, trochlea of talus
Articular capsule: thin and lax in front and behind, and supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments.
Medial lig.
Lateral lig.
Anterior talofibular lig.
Calcaneofibular lig.
Posterior talofibular lig.
Movements:
dosiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion (flexion); when the ankle joint is fully plantar flexed, small amounts of abduction, and adduction are possible.
Intertarsal joints
Talocalcaneal joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Tarsometatarsal joints
Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Arches of foot
Medial longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of this arch
Lateral longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals; cuboid is the keystone of this arch.
Tranverse arch:
formed by cuboid, three cuniforms and all metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the keystone of this arch
Function: give to foot strength stability and resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves
Joints of skull
Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis
Temporomandibular joint
Aticulating surfaces
Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above
Head of mandibule, below
Capsule: thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament
Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within joint
Movement: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted; rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a slight amount of side to side movement is also permitted)
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