Intrinsic (intracorpuscular) abnormalities of red cells
Disorders of membrane cytoskeleton:
Spherocytosis
elliptocytosis
Red cell enzyme deficiencies:
pyruvate kinase deficiency
hexokinase deficiency
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis:
Deficient globin synthesis: thalassemia syndromes
Structurally abnormal globin synthesis (hemoglobinopathies): sickle cell anemia, unstable hemoglobins
Acquired membrane defect:
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Extrinsic (extracorpuscular) abnormalities:
Antibody mediated:
Isohemagglutinins: transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis
Autoantibodies: idiopathic (primary), drug-associated, systemic lupus erythematosus, malignant neoplasms, mycoplasmal infection
Mechanical trauma to red cells:
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias( MAHA): thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation
Prosthetic heart valves
Infections: malaria, hookworm:
Chemical injury: lead poisoning
Sequestration in mononuclear phagocyte system: hypersplenism
Impaired Red Cell Production
Disturbance in stem cells:
aplastic anemia
pure red cell aplasia
anemia of CRF
Disturbance of proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts:
Defective DNA synthesis:
deficiency vitamin B12 and folic acid (megaloblastic anemias)
Defective hemoglobin synthesis
Deficient heme synthesis: iron deficiency
Deficient globin synthesis: thalassemias
Unknown or multiple mechanisms:
sideroblastic anemia
anemia of chronic infections
myelophthisic anemias due to marrow infiltrations
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