onset is usually abrupt, with high fever, shaking chills, pleuritic chest pain, and a productive mucopurulent cough
Usually as a result of aspiration of pharyngeal flora, esp Pneumococcus
lower lobes or the right middle lobe most frequently involved
In the era before antibiotics, 4 stages used to be seen
Congestion:
the affected lobe is heavy, red, and boggy
M/E vascular congestion with proteinaceous fluid, numerous neutrophils containing the typical gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci
red hepatization
lobe has a liver-like consistency
alveolar spaces are packed with neutrophils, red cells, and fibrin
gray hepatization
lung is dry, gray, and firm, because the red cells are lysed, while the fibrinosuppurative exudate persists
Resolution
exudates within the alveoli are enzymatically digested to produce granular, semifluid debris that is resorbed, ingested by macrophages, coughed up, or organized by fibroblasts
pleuritis may similarly resolve or undergo organization, leaving fibrous thickening or permanent adhesions.
M/E of bronchopneumonia shows
focal suppurative exudate that fills the bronchi, bronchioles, and adjacent alveolar spaces.
Complications of pneumonia
Lung abscess
Empyema thoracic
Organisation
Bacteremia, causing meningitis, septic arthritis or infective endocarditis
bronchiectasis
Bronchopneumonia :
Abscess formation
Lobar Pneumonia:
Other common organisms causing CAP:
Haemophilus influenzae
in children, often following a respiratory viral infection
most common bacterial cause of acute exacerbation of COPD.
Common cause of epiglottitis and suppurative meningitis in children
In pts with cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis
Staphylococcus aureus
after viral respiratory illnesses (e.g., measles in children and influenza in both children and adults)
complications, such as lung abscess and empyema are very common
intravenous drug abusers
Klebsiella pneumoniae
malnourished persons, particularly chronic alcoholics
viscid capsular polysaccharide, which the individual may have difficulty coughing up
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neutropenic pts,eg chemotherapy
in victims of extensive burns
those requiring mechanical ventilation
Pseudomonas bacteremia is a fulminant condition
Pseudomonas vasculitis of the pulmonary vessels is common.
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