Cervical Cancer.

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia is the precursor of cervical cancer.

CIN I: Mild dysplasia

CIN II: Moderate dysplasia

CIN III: Severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ

Bethesda system separates the precancerous lesions into only two groups:

low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions -The low-grade lesions correspond to CIN I or flat condylomas and the high-grade lesions to

CIN II or III

Risk factors:

1.Early age at first intercourse

2.Multiple sexual partners

3.A male partner with multiple previous sexual partners

4.Persistent infection by "high-risk" papillomaviruses

The recently introduced HPV vaccine is very effective in preventing HPV infections and hence cervical cancers.

women who test HPV negative with the use of molecular probes for HPV DNA are at extremely low risk for harboring a CIN.