Dietary
Deficiency of vitamins (A, C, riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine)
Deficiency of trace elements (zinc, molybdenum)
Fungal contamination of foodstuffs
High content of nitrites/nitrosamines
Betel nut chewing
Lifestyle
Burning-hot beverages or food
Alcohol consumption
Tobacco use
Urban environment.
Esophageal Disorders
Long-standing esophagitis and Barret’s metaplasia
Achalasia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome( esophageal webs, microcytic hypochromic anemia and atrophic gastritis)
Genetic Predisposition
TP53 tumor supressor gene mutation
Long-standing celiac disease
Ectodermal dysplasia
Epidermolysis bullosa
Racial disposition
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