What are the clinical manifestations of spongiform encephalopathies?

1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD :85% cases are sporadic; 15% are familial 2. Middle age to elderly patients 3.Rapidly progressing dementi...

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Important points Males > Females 60/70 year of age Atypical parkinsonism Lack of resting tremor Tau pathology ('' Tauopathy ...

Paralysis Agitans

This is a chronic affection of the nervous system, characterized by muscular weakness, trembling and rigidity. Causes. It usually occurs aft...

Sneeze Reflex

The sneeze reflex is very much like the cough reflex, except that it applies to the nasal passageways instead of the lower respiratory passa...

Cough Reflex

The bronchi and trachea are so sensitive to light touch that very slight amounts of foreign matter or other causes of irritation initiate th...

Scratch Reflex

An especially important cord reflex in some animals is the scratch reflex, which is initiated by itch or tickle sensation. It involves two f...

Autonomic Reflexes

Many visceral functions of the body are regulated by autonomic reflexes. Throughout this text, the functions of these reflexes are discussed...

(ANS) Autonomic Effects on Various Organs of the Body

Autonomic Effects on Various Organs of the Body Organ Effect of Sympathetic Stimulation Effect of Parasympat...

Headache

Headaches are a type of pain referred to the surface of the head from deep head structures. Some headaches result from pain stimuli arising ...

Hemiballismus.

A lesion in the subthalamus often leads to sudden flailing movements of an entire limb, a condition called hemiballismus. Hemiballismus i...

Prosophenosia

prosophenosia is inability to recognize faces. This occurs in people who have extensive damage on the medial undersides of both occipital lo...

Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium

Vestibular Apparatus The vestibular apparatus, is the sensory organ for detecting...

Primary Sensations of Taste

The identities of the specific chemicals that excite different taste receptors are not all known. Even so, psychophysiologic and neurophysio...

Horner’s Syndrome.

(click to view in zoom) The sympathetic nerves to the eye are occasionally interrupted. Interruption frequently occurs in the cervical sympa...

Pupillary Reflexes or Reactions in Central Nervous System Disease

A few central nervous system diseases damage nerve transmission of visual signals from the retinas to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, thus som...

Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control

The nervous system uses the cerebellum to coordinate motor control functions at three levels, as follows: 1. The vestibulocerebellum. This...

Vestibulocerebellum—Its Function in Association with the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord to Control Equilibrium and Postural Movements

The vestibulocerebellum originated phylogenetically at about the same time that the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear developed. loss of...

Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions

The cerebellum, has long been called a silent area of the brain, principally because electrical excitation of the cerebellum does not cause ...

Inferior colliculus

The inferior colliculi (Latin, lower hills) together with the superior colliculi form the eminences of the corpora quadrigemina, and also pa...

Superior colliculus

The optic tectum or simply tectum is a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain. In mammals this structure i...