Papillary carcinoma: (75% to 85%): novel fusion genes, known as ret/PTC , which constitutively activate RET and the downstream MAP kinase signaling pathway
Follicular carcinoma: mutations in the RAS family of oncogenes (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS), PAX8-PPARγ1 fusion gene.
Medullary carcinoma: associated with MEN 2
Anaplastic carcinomas: "dedifferentiation" of a well-differentiated papillary or follicular carcinoma; Inactivating point mutations in the p53 .
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